Gotcha so it didn't give you the error code i.e. blue screen and stop code. It is probably set to auto-restart on error so it doesn't sit there at a blue screen letting you write it down, they usually go something like
Bad_Pool_Header 0x0000000000 0x2892828280
Boot Drive not found 0x0000000000 0x2892828280
I gotta rush so I can only answer a few of the questions real quick then maybe come back later but...
HDD shouldn't be an issue putting into another machine, although as it's a laptop HDD chances are you'd get a machine with a HDD already and you'll want an external enclosure($10-40) to put that HDD to "slave" and copy off any information.
Your computer may have a software problem, so while offhand I can't tell you what's wrong with your windows you may be able to reload the OS. I'm guessing you need information off of the computer though, in which case you could try using an enclosure for this drive to get your information off of it.
Once you have your information you can try using the recovery partition to restore your OS to factory settings. Usually there is a hotkey to do this shift+f1 dlt etc I don't know what it is for your model off hand but chances are it has a recovery partition you can use to restore the OS after you retrieve information.
If you want to try to repair the OS you can use windows recovery console, I won't try to give you a walkthrough here as there are better written ones online.
Hopefully this helps some, I'd be more through and send you to some links but gotta finish my weekly report 😉
It probably isn't new machine time if you can reload the OS I'd try that first, but if this machine is 3-5 years old(didn't google your model sorry). Chances are you're better off getting a brand new cheap laptop and saving yourself the time and effort, and only try to get an enclosure for the information.
If you find troubleshooting fun though or want to learn I would definitely suggest the windows recovery/reloading the OS. I can't say for sure whether you have a software issue(corrupt OS), or a hardware problem though.