It is best to test out your parts outside of the case first.
If you encounter any issues, it is easier to find and fix outside of the case.
It eliminates issues such as case/motherboard shorts as an issue.
If your motherboard does not have a power button, momentarily touch the two front panel pwr pins with a flat blade screwdriver to start the motherboard.
That would include the cpu, cooler and ram at least.
Use either integrated graphics or temporarily install the graphics card.
Boot into bios and run memtest86+ to check things out.
I even do my windows install outside of the case.
And as an answer to your original question, the graphics card must be installed after the motherboard is in the case. There are rear panel screws that...