bad connections in the cable, or a cable not fully inserted into its connector can also prevent the connection. broken wires can make and break connections several times a second.
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some older machines have a phone line connection as well as a network connection.
make sure you did not plug the network cable in the phone modem jack.
the ipconfig indicates that you are not seeing the router.
you should run a admin cmd.exe or powershell and run
ipconfig.exe /release
ipconfig.exe /renew
then display the config info
ipconfig.exe /all
see if the default gateway field is filled out and that you get an ip address.
if you can connect to your router, you might check the security settings it might be set to reject any device that is not on a list of known mac addresses. (this is how I set my router up)
also, find another network cable and give it a try. a lot of cables will be defective when you get them.
bad connections, specially wired for certain applications.
you can google "network cable color code standard" and see photos of the color codes in the wires,
sometimes the cables will come with the wires inserted backward or in the wrong order. You can see them if you have good eyes or a magnifying glass.