Hello cristanf!
From what I am understanding from reading your question, it seems as if you are not putting in a wallpaper that matches the resolution of your monitor, and with this black bars will appear on your wallpaper. Unfortunately there is no way to fill in that blank area with a color that is built in with Windows 10, though I may have some solutions.
Solutions:
-Change your wallpaper to "Fill" to get your entire wallpaper to fill the spaces you are having. You can do this by right clicking on your desktop, click "personalize", and choose "fill" in the "choose a fit" tab.
-Find a wallpaper that matches the resolution of your monitor. To find your resolution, right click your desktop and go to "display settings". Scroll...