It was actually greed combined with the way the company is structured. The suits at the top did not want to spend the money on EUV machines, but wanted to match the output they could have in a similar node. Technically speaking what they wanted to do was possible, but they'd already had delays with 14nm so it should have been obvious this wasn't going to be smooth sailing. There was no backup plan either because Intel used proprietary tools for fabrication which meant architectures were tied to nodes (this was true until MTL).
As far as the company structure problem the way that Intel historically did fabs was move everything to a new node, use the old node for other services and then retire when spinning up the next. Doing the same thing with the EUV transition would have been extremely expensive because it would have meant a fab with zero output. This is why the suits wanted to avoid EUV as long as possible lest they lose those bonuses from Intel effectively printing money by existing.
By the time EUV rolled around Intel was in a pinch trying to get enough capacity, and still failed to meet MTL demand which hurt margins on that because of the rush to get machines in place. Now all of their current EUV output is GNR, SRF and MTL (and MTL node shrink edition) until the 18A fab is in volume production (which should be soon). The second 18A fab is not online yet, but supposedly will be some time this year. Given that it's a safe bet some amount of NVL is going to be made with TSMC N2 it seems Intel still has capacity problems. Now they're laying off people across the foundry services that indicates that they're going to be depreciating rather than upgrading some amount of their fabs.
All of these issues can be traced back to the decision to not buy EUV when they should have.