My apologies. I mistakenly identified the "problem" drive as a SSD but as you had indicated it's a HDD.
But no matter. The problem is still a matter of drive recognition.
That designation in Device Manager does refer to a USB external drive...presumably the HDD you're installing or trying to install (unless, of course, there's another USB external drive that's connected in the system which I presume is NOT the case).
So, of course, that's evidence that the system does detect that a USB external HDD is connected. Now the problem is why isn't that HDD detected in Disk Management?
Anyway, even if you're working with a Dell PC, it's a desktop machine, right? So can you install the HDD internally in the desktop to determine if the system can detect it as an internally-connected drive and see if it's listed in Disk Management? Or is it not practical to do because it would involve opening the case and fiddling around inside the various components?
Since the problem has arisen with two different HDDs it seems apparent the problem is not with a defective HDD. It's still conceivable, however, that even though the system does detect the existence of a USBEHD it's possible that the SATA-to-USB adapter cable is still defective in not properly working with the connected HDD. We've experienced that situation a number of times. It's why we always try to connect the HDD/SSD internally in a system to ensure it's non-defective.
I'm not sure I understand your last comment that "I'm attempting to update my entire laptop just in case that's the problem". First of all isn't the PC involved a desktop PC as you have indicated? Why are you mentioning a laptop?