My suggestion would be to reinstall windows. If you need to put your old motherboard back and reboot the system to save/backup personal data to another location first, then do it. The issue here is probably twofold. One, you have a significant hardware change and it's likely causing a massive driver issue during windows attempt to boot the system using the old chipset drivers, and possibly other hardware that was onboard as well like different storage controllers, PCI devices, etc.
Two, your old board was likely not a UEFI BIOS and this board is. That means there are a plethora of differences between the two including AHCI support.
There are a couple of things you can try first though, all in the BIOS.
First, try setting optimal defaults. Then try booting. If that fails to help then move on.
You can go into the advanced tab and try either enabling or disabling AMD AHCI BIOS ROM setting, depending on what it's set on now.
I guess it would help to know if your drive is IDE or SATA, as it seem both your old board and this one have IDE headers in addition to SATA.
Under Trusted computing, you can try either enabling, or disabling that feature, depending on what's currently set.
Make sure CSM (Compatibility support module) is enabled.
If none of this works, you will probably need to reinstall but I'd first try booting into safe mode to see if the system will boot using minimal generic drivers. If it will, boot safe mode with networking by pressing F8 at power on repeatedly until the advanced boot menu appears and select safe mode with networking. Once in windows try installing the necessary drivers for your motherboard from the included disk or download them from the motherboard's product page, which is probably the better of the two options.