Enough to fry its brains out. Those old pentiums didn't have thermal shutdown protection, so they would run till they fried (though of course, DOS/Windows would stop functioning long before then). It will get too hot to touch, believe me.
Unless your plan is to see if you can catch your computer on fire, don't run that pentium without a heatsink. It will fry itself to death. It will only run maybe a minute at the most before it gets too hot, so no, you can't just turn the computer on quick to try to copy files off it (if that's what you were thinking).