while some benchmarks show windows 7 sometimes offering better battery life, thats due to it's ability to automatically turn off things that are not in use such as bluetooth, wifi and other features. but what many test don't show is that the OS uses a lot more power when doing normal things such as navigating the OS, moving windows around and other basic but common tasks
There is a lot more hard drive activity needed to open even a folder or other small things in the OS because it has to load the useless eyecndy along with the window, pretty much everything across the board uses more CPU cycles and memory, the system uses more power when loading something than when loading nothing. even if computers have gotten faster over the years, thats no reason to make a OS bloated and slower, in favor of eye candy and other crap, it only causes lower performance and lower battery life.
Most users don't use their laptops for anything more than basic use, so the laptops pretty much run close to idle 90% of the time on most OS but since windows 7 is bloated, there more spikes in CPU usage, GPU usage, hard drive activity, this all adds up to a higher power usage under windows 7 and vista as compared to an older OS.
A laptop battery can generally handle 500 charge/discharge cycles before becoming useless. but if you constantly put more strain on the battery by increasing the speed of the discharge, you will reduce the charge/discharge cycles that the battery can handle.
this is how it is with all batteries.
for example, my friend has a windows mobile based phone (windows mobile 6.1 I think)
where he lives, he is stuck with either dialup or satellite and he doesn't want to pay for 2 3g services so he has his pocketpc/phone setup to act as a wifi access point for all 2 computers in the house. when doing bandwidth intensive things, the CPU usage of the phone skyrockets, and because theres more than one person sharing the connection, the phone constantly has a higher than normal CPU usage and thus the battery doesn't last the full 500 charge cycles, it is more like 200-300 cycles, but since replacement batteries are around $6-7, he can change them easily.
Batteries don't like high drain, it causes more damage to them