Lee from More Fun Making It has built a vintage joystick converter using the $4 Raspberry Pi Pico.
Raspberry Pi Pico Converts Retro Game Controllers To USB : Read more
Raspberry Pi Pico Converts Retro Game Controllers To USB : Read more
https://github.com/ryansalerno/raspberry-pico-retro-controller-adapters#readmeYou might also be tempted to connect a Sega gamepad, but Sega also uses another pin as the +5V pin.
A microcontroller running on 3.3V wouldn't be my first choice for a 9-pin joystick converter, but if I did I would definitely use a logic-level converter and then some external pull-up resistors.
But why?!I agree about using a 5v MC. Especially if their programming it with arduino anyway.