Extreme Heat and Cold to you and I is pretty much nothing to a machine. As long as you're not way, way below freezing the PC will boot. Cold boot failure is very rare and only happens when people use liquid nitrogen to cool their CPUs for events.
Extreme heat is the same thing, the hottest place on the planet, the Lut Desert, hit 70c this year. This is still a solid 20degC than most computers are happy to run at. They will run at higher temps but complain about it.
Salt, well - there really isn't much on a PC to corrode. PCB is immune, gold is immune, aluminum oxidizes but not like that, copper would be a problem so be sure to get nickle plated solutions.
What is the real purpose of the Peltier? I'd be worried having such an...