At this time, I would certainly consider giving the ISP a call. They can check things from their end.
Just double check beforehand that you did not accidently loosen up or disconnect some other connection: ADSL/telephone or coax cable as applicable.
Verify the connection path. E.g.:
ISP ----> Modem [Ethernet port]----Ethernet cable --->[WAN port]TP-link Router [LAN port] ----Ethernet cable ---> PC.
Swap out cables with known working cables if at all possible.
And directly connecting to the modem as you have done is a valid test but the PC's network adapter must be configured accordingly.
Difficult with a foreign language manual being involved.
Go online (as you did to reach Tom's Hardware) and look for an English language User Guide/Manual for your modem. Check modem for model number, version, serial number, etc. to help find the correct manual. Goal is to at least find some explanation of the LED status lights etc. on the modem. May well indicate the source of nature of the problem(s).
Even if the cables appear to be correctly in place, disconnect and carefully reconnect. Coax connections can be tricky on a new device. Screws on, or seems to, but it may take a couple of tries to go on squarely and securely.
Remember to check any wall outlet connections and splitter (filter) connections as well.
When you call the ISP be prepared to go through some combination of shutdowns, and restarts.