i have never heard of such usb tool, i know about hirens and similar tools to boot a pc and do file recovery, partition recovery, hard disk diagnose and memory test, stuff like that
but diagnose a bad cpu or something like that is impossible because the cpu must be working to start the usb controller, so the device does something, same for the ram, if a part is dead, the usb will diagnose nothing because nothing will start
also you can download and install memtest x86 on any usb to test ram, another popular tool is ubcd in windows and linux versions, these tools and hirens gives lots of problems on new pcs, some uefi bios will not let these liveusb tools to boot, so no longer popular as they were 5 or 6 years ago