what makes it possible to charge and use the laptop without the battery

As I understand your question you want to know how a laptop gets power when it is plugged into the mains (with or without a battery connected)? I am at a loss to know how to answer this other than to say it is plugged into the mains. So where do you think,it could possibly get power from?

To put it another way, where do you think a desktop computer without a battery gets its power from?