nope. you need at the very least 2 physical hdds, preferrably of equal capacity and performance.
the reason being because the performance boost comes from interleaving data stripes between 2 or more physical hdds (which is why raid 0 is called striping)... but with only one physical hdd, you wouldnt be able to interleave the data between any other hdd, and would gain no performance from it
performance though is only really beneficial to a few specific uses though anyhow (eg, large data transfers due to higher str; editing large audio & video files), which is not something that an average desktop user would make much use of (such as browsing online, playing games, etc)