I'm 15 so if I'm using wrong terms and stuff please excuse it....
Terminology is less important than understanding; don't worry about it.
... ok, so everyone knows (hopefully) when there are more sellers than buyers stonks go down and vice versa. So what companies or hedge funds (whatever that is) do is sell the stock and then it goes down then they buy it back at a low price
Short sellers do not sell the stock directly. What they sell is an
option for someone else to purchase the stock at some future point in time, at the so-called "strike price". If the stock never reaches that price, the short seller pockets free money for doing nothing. If the stock hits that price, though, the buyer
exercises the option, and the short seller loses money. If the stock goes substantially over that price, the short seller loses
a lot of money, as they must purchase shares at a very high price, then sell them at a loss to the buyer.
(edit: I'm describing the more common naked call short here. The complexities of put options don't change the underlying argument however).
you said lowering the share doesn't affect the financial statement. I'm pretty sure it does. maybe.... i think i agree with
@InvalidError and he's been here since my first birthday so I'm not gonna try and scuffle with him
The nice thing about facts is that they aren't democratic. They're either true or false, no matter who believes in them. A company owns
assets: money in the bank, inventory, real property and equipment, and debts owed to them (usually in form of
accounts receivable, but can take many other forms as well). The total value of these assets (minus any liabilities) is the company's net worth. (Sometimes called the
book value.) If the net worth is zero or negative, the company is bankrupt.
The total value of a company's stock shares is the company's market capitalization ("market cap"). This is a figure almost always higher than the company's net worth, but can in certain cases be lower (which makes it ripe for a takeover or breakup attempt.) Changes to a company's market cap in no way affect the value of a company's assets, and thus
do not affect its net worth.