Your post calls for speculation - and a lot of it. We can make some certain assumptions however: Moore's "Law" (It isn't a law at all, or even a theory. It is in fact, a self fulfilling prophecy, nothing more.) will certainly continue in a modified form - we can expect PC performance, on average, to double every 2-3 years, stretched over a lengthy period.
(Please note, "Moore's Law" was only a simple observation that the cheapest of the manufacturing processes seemed to allow the production of twice as many components per square inch, about every 2 years or so.)
Nay-sayers about the continuation of the rapid doubling of power, speed and storage are simply mistaken. Sure transistors aren't going to last much longer; photolithography is a positively archaic method of building things. Self-assembling nanotechnology is the future, most likely.
Transistors will be replaced with something else - just as the abacus paradigm gave way to the slide rule paradigm, and the slide rule gave way to mechanical calculators (remember those? Hell, I do!) and valves. Valves gave way to transistors, which gave way to integrated circuits. The next paradigm probably exists already, but has yet to become a commercial reality. If you can pick the paradigm to replace transistors, then you will be a very welathy man (or woman) indeed.
What we can say for sure, is that storage media have a long way to go, and so does parallel processing, and quantuum computers.
The finest thinkers of our time place the first true passing of Turing's Test somewhere in the vicinity of 2020-2025 - and that's basically the last computer man will have much to do with the designing of. This because teh first generation of AIs will design the second generation, and the ssecond will design the third.
The flow on from this infinite feedback loop is that personal PCs (or what passes for them in 2025) will be approaching the intellectual capacity of a human person, but with the computing ability of a machine which is operating in the PetaaFlops range.
The best guesstimates are as follows:
2025 $1000 PC is about 1/10th as smart as a human.
2030 $1000 PC is as smart as a human
2040 $1000 PC is as smart as 1000 humans
2050 $1000 PC is smarter than all humans who have ever lived, combined.
Conveniently (or not, depending on your philosophical stand) 2050 is around the time of the Singularity. This is defined as the point at which the advances in technology become so rapid that it is impossible for an unenhanced human to follow.
With luck, the descendants of our first AIs will invite us along for the ride.
This seques into my assertion that I intend to live for at least 200,000 years and that if the universe is as exciting as I think it probably is, then I may hang around long enough to come back and watch our sun expand and consume the Earth in a couple of billion years. I probably won't still be posting here by then though - so you have something to look forward to.
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