Depends on the type of modem you have.
For the most part, on the power up cycle the modem does a few things.
It will go through a self test checking if power is good and all the chips are working and functioning.
Then it will set up its default settings relating to the network settings relating to the IP address range and sub net it uses. Internal local network settings.
Along with the default gateway setting stored.
Its next step if all of it is good. is to for example set the frequency for communication over a fiber optic network for example. Once set and locked in the modem/ router then sends it`s unique ID called the Mac address to what we call the head end, or where the authorization Servers are. where it is verified and unlocked to work on the cable network.
Once verified the cable modem is sent a config file called a CM certificate that holds all the information of the seup of the amount of data channels to lock to based on the speed of service you took up with the ISP provider.
Without the Authentication and the CM setup certificate based on the Mac address reported to the head end for validation. No service will be enabled.
That about it.