Most MoBos have LEDs to indicate CPU, RAM and GPU failure. Though, for MoBo failure, you still need to rip all of it apart. For SSD/HDD failure, your system won't boot to OS and for PSU failure, you'll see 0 life out of your PC. Fan failure is easily visible since fan won't turn and with AIO pump failure, you won't hear the normal operating sounds of an AIO pump. And OS failure usually gives you BSoD.
Though, above applies to desktop PC. If you have laptop PC, it's whole another story.