Section 5 - Core Temperature
Also called "Tjunction", this is the temperature measured directly on the hot spots at the transistor junctions within each Core by individual Digital Thermal Sensors (DTS).
Although sensors are factory calibrated by Intel, deviations between the highest and lowest Cores may be 10C. Sensors are more accurate at high temperatures to protect against thermal damage, so idle temperatures may not be accurate.
There's a 5C thermal gradient or "offset" between Core temperature and CPU temperature. This is shown on Figure 5 in the following Intel document -
http://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/0709/0709.1861.pdf
At Default / Auto BIOS settings (stock clock and Vcore) with 100% workload, Core temperature is 5C higher than the Tcase specification - http://ark.intel.com/ This means that whatever the Tcase specification is for your processor, add 5C to get the corresponding value for Core temperature.
Core temperature is the standard for thermal measurement because it's consistently more accurate than CPU temperature.
Core temperatures respond instantly to changes in load.