Hardware passed, Nope it doesn't mean anything. You just replaced the hard drive so the old hard drive did you happen to notice it's make and model, and the new hard drive, what is it's make and model?
Something else you could try is to clean the dimms contacts with isopropyl alcohol. Simply renewing the fan and thermal paste doesn't mean the CPU would be 'fixed' if it had already sustained thermal damage, or if the gpu had a glitch. Try running Memtest86 see if you get any errors. There is now refurbed open source
memtest86+ or passmark
memtest86 to choose from, or windows memory test.
Another suspect could be the very windows version itself. Something happened to 21h2 and you might also have noticed windows update does not simply automatically update 21h2 to 22h2. My previous installation of 21h2 inexpicably fell apart which I suspect was due to some version of some system files being outdated or something, I don't really know for sure, I simply blatted my partition and ran a clean install.
I don't find a reinstall all that problematical so long as I can remember most of meh passwords could do with a better back up strategy to make it even simpler, and my setup usb drive is 150mb/s usb 3.0 lexar microsd 1000x which is bit faster than a 5.0mb/s usb flash drive from tesco.
Well I don't know why or if windows is falling apart in your case only that it may be suspect. Looking for the problem is like looking for a needle in a haystack sometimes. However if you're going to update to windows 22h2 you need to run the update assistant anyway and if you want to clear out old system files and be absolutely sure all the drivers are correct for the device, the only way to do it is a clean install of 22h2.
It might've been an previous windows update giving you gyp or 21h2 itself causing the problem somehow. I have long since lost track of windows updates and pinning down exactly which windows update might be problematical on their device is difficult for most people, I did not have any problem with windows updates for years until 21h2 and it seemed to be quite a major overhaul which changed something significantly.
Like it, or loathe it, winders is the only operating system you got for your laptop unless you want to learn linux and if it is a hardware problem giving you a bsod then changing the OS won't help either.
Someone skilled and knowledgable could use different operating systems as diagnostics.
You could use prime 95 to stress test your cpu - see
overclocking guide. You aren't overclocking but the stress test is the same. You could try and use
hwmonitor and
hwinfo to look at power usage and monitor thermals but what use is all that info if you don't know what the values should be? You might be able to spot anything obviously abnormal but you still need to know what 'normal' is to spot the difference.
Besides which none of these suggestions is a 'fix' per se more of an attempt to 'diagnose' which is obviously quite a bit of effort, yes.