Hi OP, I can tell you from experience than what most likely ended up happening was that while the hard drive was spinning, the sudden jolt/bump caused the platters to move outside of their specified are of "tolerance" (All HDDs have a varying degree of how much vibration they can withstand during normal operation). I'd recommend using something such as HWiNFO64 or CrystalDiskInfo, if there's any errors there'll be a warning from the S.M.A.R.T. column respectively. Overtime a hard drive will naturally reach a point of no return, and sometimes given the environment it can happen pre-maturely; such as during unintended accidents like operating during hot temperatures or significant vibrations.
The easiest way to avoid this is to use an SSD. Unlike a HDD they have no moving parts, making them fast & tolerant to lots of physical abuse (lol). Also, in the event of a failure it's easier to recover data off of flash than it is from a HDD that's deteriorated or been physically damaged.
The usual applies if you walked in and stuff stopped working, check nothing came loose or undone, etc. Don't overstress it