Hi NoRage,
ARGB and iCUE are comparable when looking at fans. An ARGB case uses a dedicated RGB header on your motherboard and has to be controlled through software of your MoBo manufacturer mostly. Simple splitters will usually connect all fans to a single header.
Corsair iCUE uses an USB 2.0 port or a small external controller. If you are planning to go with iCUE, take note that the fan packs (and often cases) come with just a splitter for the specific iCUE adapter and an external controller you can use with it.
The simple controller only allows you to choose a few modes (tho some are quite pretty), the speeds and color for static color effects. To take full advantage, you will need a Commander pro (which can be quite expensive), or possibly a lightning node pro (which costs a bit less, but comes with LED strips).
iCUE is quite an expensive ecosystem, but also broader and a lot more customisable. If cost is your concern, don't start on it.