First off, your laptop's built using the 2nd gen i3, that tells me that the laptop is more than a decade old. Secondly, the support page for your laptop seems to be nonexistent on Asus's database, which means I can't cross reference the laptop's BIOS version with what you have and if the laptop is pending any BIOS updates. Third, the OS you're on, you should ideally be on Windows 7. At best on Windows 10, with all drivers installed in Compatibility mode.
The issue you speak of with the adapter power being fed to the laptop being the root cause of the USB peripherals disconnecting, would tell me that the circuitry in your laptop may very well be compromised. To add, why are you connecting USB keyboard and mouse the laptop? I see any regular user connecting a mouse to the laptop but the laptop's keyboard should be fine, unless that needs replacing(given it's age).