I am having the same exact issue right now, my mom is using old HP 530 and I wanted to give it SSD to keep up before Zen2 drops prices of everything so she could upgrade properly.
My first error was installing x64 system on that SSD via my other PC, corrected it, installed x86 one and it still crashes on "Loading Windows" screen. Trying to install Windows 7.
x86 system I installed via my other PC, an old DDR3 AM3+ system I have inside my drawer, will boot normally on that system and works as intended. As soon as I put SSD inside a laptop it won't work. And boots on HDD
Her hard drive started spewing errors and even loosing data so change is needed, but I just cannot make it work with SSD. SSD is samsung, not super potato one too.
To make your USB bootable you could use this guide, helped me after failing to do it with other means
http://www.anyburn.com/tutorials/setup-windows7-from-usb-drive.htm
And that made my USB easily bootable anywhere, tho Laptop still won't go trough installation - just initial screen of installation loading and it sits there forever, does get warm, but does nothing. At least when SSD is on which is super weird for me
Hope someone has answers, or two of us figure it out. Your laptop is a whole generation better which kinda removes potato SATA controller in my mind. Tho some old devices cannot boot from NVME no matter what so it could be hardware support that's an issue, tho I cannot just plug in SSD in a laptop while also having it's HDD run a system to test it.