Specifically, it has nothing to do with religion, religion is your talking point. I am keeping in context of the progression made through our posts regarding the inherent spiritual nature of Man and to deny your argument that Man creates everything and that Science can explain everything.
Stating that Philosophy and Science are bound by logic is just stating the obvious. Any reasoned thought requires logic to determine the correct from the in-correct. But what's really funny about stating logic applies to both Philosophy and Science is the fact that Logic (the study of the methods and principles used in distinguishing correct from incorrect reasoning) is a subset discipline of Philosophy. Do you know why Logic is a subset discipline of Philosophy instead of Science? It is because logic requires the student to think beyond their own perception and what can be proven and think in the abstract and make supposition, i.e.; have faith. So, as far as my argument is concerned, it only confirms what I previously stated, "that there is an immutable relationship between Science and Philosophy and philosophical discussion heavily influences scientific theory." This relationship between Science and Philosophy is why Science requires some level of faith.
Your definition of faith seems to growing substantially in its purpose. You view conjecture as faith, you view a guess as faith. This is wrong, for making a guess doesn't mean you know it is right. To have faith you have to "know" something is right without having any evidence or fact. I agree that Science and Philosophy are related. You of course view this as faith playing a role in science, but taking an educated guess doesn't require faith, only creativity. You will see why this is in a comments further down.
I found it interesting that you chose not comment on the statement, "that science is unable to answer questions regarding value, morality, and the metaphysical." most likely because it is undeniable and it would cause you to admit that there are things that science can not explain.
My answer lies within the emotional conduct within the brain that I was discussing. Morality is a perceived human interaction that is based on a person by person basis. Good and Evil are creations of man, so is morality and value. Metaphysics is harder to explain. Why is there matter? Why is there a universe at all? These questions are far from being answered by Science but that doesn't mean it won't be able to answer them eventually. Did you think that the ultimate questions of existence would be easy to answer? Oh wait, God did it!(just kidding) Maybe science won't answer everything, or maybe it will. Only time will tell, saying anything contrary to these points is a waste of time. I believe that Science might be able to answer all the questions we can come up with, I also believe that I may be wrong. Faith is a useless concept in the pursuit of science.
I do not need to provide a reason why natural and divine law are combined. The writings of Augustine of Hippo, Sir John Fortescue, and Sir Edward Coke clearly explain why natural and divine are used interchangeably. Also, in this context, the word "divine'" does not automatically mean religion. When "divine" is used as a noun, as it is being used in this context, it refers to the spiritual nature of Man or the universal qualities of Man. Therefore, natural and divine law are interchangeable in that the order of the universe existed before Man, and that order was given to Man at the beginning of Man's existence. What really gets me is that you continue to contradict thousands of years of philosophical thought and dispute the greatest thinkers if humankind under the guise that science can explain everything when it is a fact that science can not.
Thats the difference between you and me. You accept religion and philosophical reasoning without trying to contradict them and come to your own conclusions. I will not just have someone tell me how it is, I will look at their reasoning and temper it with my own. If Divine=Universal then thats fine, its not a point worth focusing on anyways. Again, accepting that science cannot explain anything is arrogant. How could you possibly know the breadth of our collective scientific gain in the coming centuries or maybe even a couple millennia?
To introduce the idea of genetics determining behavior might as well just open the can of worms that is "Nature vs Nurture". The fact is all genetics can do is determine a pre-disposition towards a behavior, multiple studies prove this limitation. Genetics can not explain all of Man's behavior for the same reasons science can not explain value, morality, and metaphysics.
Man's behavior is not in the same realm as metaphysics. We are evolved monkeys and thinking of ourselves as being as complex as the existence of the universe is absurd. Genetics are still not fully understood but I think it plays a large role. However, even with Nature's influences everything is still contained within the brain and therefore within the realm of science.
Making the statement, "natural law as we perceive it would not exist without us" is again stating the obvious. Given that natural law pre-existed Man, it is a foregone conclusion that Man can only interpret and give definition to what Man perceives. And, by concluding that same statement with, "it (Natural Law) is a creation of ours to understand our perception" is to deny the conclusions from thousands of years of philosophical debate and ignore the fact that the universe existed before Man. Just because Man can perceive something does not mean is came into existence as a result of that perception. The only thing created here is the definition Man gives to what has been previously unknown to Man. Lastly, stating that Natural Law is a set of guidelines demonstrates an amoral and relativistic world view, might as well begin debating "Relativism vs Absolutism". But it just seems to be an excuse to dismiss those things which science is unable to explain, i.e.; value, morality, and metaphysics.
Your view of natural law must be different than mine, if you view gravity and the workings of the universe as "Natural Law" then that is something different. If you view the foundations of what we view as right and wrong then that is my view as well.
Using the statement that "thousands of years of philosophical reasoning says so" seems to be your go to in this argument when your own views are insufficient to push the discussion further.
The very words you use to describe how science can explain emotions completely contradicts your argument. You state that emotions are explained by, "chemical reactions through glandular processes", but the key word here is reaction. The fact is the chemical reaction and glandular processes is a result of the emotion and it is not the chemical reaction and glandular processes causing a person to feel that emotion. The chemical responses and glandular processes allows the person to physically manifest their emotion. If you alter the brain, you are only altering or removing the mechanism that created the chemical reactions which allows a person to physically manifest their emotions or express themselves. Given that the physical nature of man is realized as a bio-chemical "machine" you only drastically change the physical nature of that person. Do not mistake altering/removing part of a person brain as destroying their inherent spiritual nature.
I didn't say emotions were explained by the chemical reactions. I said that the brains processes stimuli and then reacts, sometimes the reaction is enhanced by glandular processes. Adrenaline is not pumped into the system because of emotion, it is pumped into the system because the brain interprets danger or excitement and decides the body needs a little extra juice. We perceive this as an emotional response but at the core it is merely the brain functioning as it evolved to. Chemical reactions are not the physical manifestation of something unseen, they are controlled entirely within the brain as the result of the communication between nerve cells in the brain.
Of all your responses, this one is my favorite because it makes me question if you understand the scientific method and what is necessary to formulate a hypothesis. You are correct when you say, "a theory doesn't require faith because it is either right or wrong" because a theory has already been substantiated. It is a hypothesis that needs to be vetted by scientific investigation to determine if it is right or wrong. However, I am going to presume you did not intend to use theory and hypothesis as synonymously. Again presuming you meant hypothesis, and replacing "theory" with "hypothesis" in your statement, then it is incorrect. If the hypothesis was determined to be right or wrong before the scientific investigation was applied, then there would be no need to perform the investigation to begin with. So, it stands to reason that prior to completing the investigation, the hypothesis is held in supposition until proven one way or the other. But the very act of holding a hypothesis in supposition is to think in the abstract and to place belief in the possibility of what can exist outside of known perception, i.e.; have faith and believe that the unknowable could possibly be true. And, for the life of me, if holding a belief that the unknowable could possibly be true isn't the epitome and essence of what it means to have faith, then I do not know what is.
Theories are not beyond reprieve as that is not how the scientific process works. They can be accepted as scientific fact but if new research proves it wrong then it is obviously wrong. It seems that you glazed over my point entirely. A hypothesis and a theory are synonymous in that they both are destined to be either right OR wrong. This is where faith is disolved from the equation. You make an educated guess and turn it into a hypothesis to be tested. It can be right OR wrong. You won't know until you conduct experimentation which one it is. You are only seeing one side of the process.
Also, Albert Einstein was not without faith. He rejected being called an atheist and stated that an ethical culture was most valuable to his religious idealism. Even with all his intelligence, Einstein was wise enough to realize that the human mind was incapable of grasping the complexity of the universe. As a follower of Spinoza, Einstein believed that the soul (the spirit) and body are a single thing. Ironic that you chose Einstein to use an example to back up your "science does not require faith" argument because Einstein was at least wise enough to know that not all answers are contained withing the mind of Man and that the universe is greater than Man. So, to further say that Einstein did not require faith to formulate his hypothesis is a gross misunderstand of Einstein as well as a gross misunderstanding of the relationship between Science and Philosophy.
I'm am very well aware that einstein believed in a certain form of God. By the way he didn't believe in the God that the Bible or that of any other religious text, of course that you must understand by quoting the Spinoza God. The view he believed in I could completely accept as being realistic for someone to believe in. The God that shaped us in his image, conceived adam and eve and all that other stuff has the hand of man all over it and Einstein did not believe it for a second. No where in any of my readings on Einstein did I see where he required faith or God. In fact your reasoning that because he believed that there could possibly be a God(God is not even the right word but I cannot think of a better way to say it), not mind you one that is completely different from all traditional religions as a end all for the argument that he needed faith to come up with his theories is absolutely ludicrous.
"The word God is for me nothing more than the expression and product of human weaknesses"
"The mystical trend of our time, which shows itself particularly in the rampant growth of the so-called Theosophy and Spiritualism, is for me no more than a symptom of weakness and confusion. Since our inner experiences consist of reproductions and combinations of sensory impressions, the concept of a soul without a body seems to me to be empty and devoid of meaning."
This does not sound like a man of faith to me, not to mention that combining the soul and body into one supports my argument on the matter. That they both die when the body dies because the body creates the perceived soul. I wish i could articulate this point as well as Einstein but alas I had to fall back on quotes from him to present my position on the matter.
Now your just mis-stating my positions. I never stated that the scientific method has anything to do with spirituality, I stated that the scientific method, "require(s) some level of faith, no matter how diminished, in order to form a hypothesis." and that, "science requires faith". If you read faith as spirituality then that is your interpretation. Also, I am not seeking to combine science and philosophy, I am simply pointing out the fact they are immutably bound and that philosophy heavily influences scientific theory. And, I never stated that having faith results in a renewed sense of spirituality, I stated that, "the scientific/atheist mind is spiritually sated through the creation of hypothesis." for the reason spelled out above.
You need faith to believe in spirituality because there is no empirical evidence to support it. Therefore they are connected. If you need faith for science and spirituality then obviously they are connected as well.
The real point however is that you have continually stated that a hypothesis requires faith. Therefore faith results in a hypothesis that you then said results in the person being spiritually sated. Therefore faith results in a renewed sense of spirituality by your reasoning. If you don't agree then you are arguing against the end product of your own reasonings.
I take it that you disdain religion and/or organized religion. That's cool. Many atrocities have been carried out and justified under the banner of God and Religion. So, why you may not be open to religion, religious ideology and morality, I would hope that you do not deny your own spiritual nature under the guise that logic, science, and only that which can be perceived and proven is what makes the whole of Man's existence. Science can not explain why you feel the way you do, it can not explain the value you place on those feelings, it can not explain anything outside the realm of the physical world. And, there is much more to the world and universe that what the feeble human mind can perceive.
I could care less if anyone wanted to believe in a God or Gods. Go right ahead, it doesn't affect me what you believe in. When you use religion as a stop gap or reasoning for anything outside of your personal beliefs is when I take issue. Just because you don't understand the process of the brain and the chemical reactions that result in you placing value on something does not mean it cannot be explained. Of course you cannot explain anything outside the physical world with science, to accept there is something outside of the physical world is to abandon logic, reason and fact.
Imagine what we have learned in the last 1000 years, imagine if we make it another 1000. Do you really think that we won't have a much more commanding grasp on the workings of the universe by then?