"Science" magazine has designated as breakthrough of the year what it calls "evolution in action", highlighting three areas in molecular evolutionary biology. "Science" says that the advances show that evolution underlies all biology.
* The first area is the sequencing of the chimp genome, which shows only a 4% difference from the human genome. In addition to confirming the close relationship between humans and chimps, there are possible practical applications. Chimps do not have certain human diseases and this may help identify the genetic change that makes chimps immune.
* An international program is developing something called a human haplotype map. That is they are developing a catalogue of genetic variability between different groups of people, looking for patterns in genetic differences that map with differences to susceptibility to different diseases.
* Research is going on into formation of new species under natural conditions. One example given was comparison of fresh water stickleback fish and saltwater sticklebacks from which they evolved after being stranded in lakes at the end of the last ice age. The change is not minor. The fresh water fish have lost the bony armor that the salt water fish have. This large change has been traced to mutation of a single gene.
Relatively large change due to change in a single gene is now being found in several instances. For example, it appears that skin color, black or white, is due to changes in a single gene.
Molecular biology in terms of study of the genetics of living creatures is going to have an incredible impact on peoples lives over the next few decades.
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